Glossary


 * Coherence Principle:** A belief that any material that does not support the instructional goal should be avoided. It states that student’s learning is hindered when appealing but irrelevant words, pictures and audio are added to a multimedia presentation, and removing these would improve student learning.

**Contiguity Principle:** This principle states that text should be closely connected to the graphics it is explanation to reduce irrelevant stress in processing thoughts. This requires the placing of corresponding words and graphics near each other in order to enable better association.


 * Modality Principle:** Present words in audio rather than on-screen text whenever a graphic is the focus of the words and both are presented simultaneously as a means to reduce the demands on visual processing.

**Personalization Principle:** A belief that the use of on-screen characters to help guide the learning process during an instructional episode is useful. This principle states that learning is enhanced when conversational language is used instead of formal language.


 * Redundancy Principle:** Explain visuals with words in audio or text, but not both, so as learners do not waste cognitive resources comparing that which is written with that which is spoken.


 * Senteos**: Hand held devices that allow users to answer questions via radio signals for the purpose of collecting data.


 * Survey Monkey**: A web based company that allows users to create their own online surveys.